Sufism is a spiritual movement that has existed within the Muslim community since its earliest generations. Throughout history, it has been known by different names, yet it is best described as the inner, spiritual dimension of Islam; one that emphasizes the purification of the heart, sincerity of intention, and closeness to God through remembrance (dhikr), meditation, and various forms of supplication.
Some people mistakenly assume that Sufism is a separate branch of Islam, distinct from the Sunni and Shia traditions. In reality, Sufism is not an independent sect, but rather a movement within the broader Muslim ummah that focuses on spirituality, self-discipline, and the refinement of the soul. Its goal is to deepen one’s faith through introspection and a profound connection with God, all while remaining firmly grounded in Islamic teachings.
The essence of Sufism is noble and has played a major role in the spread of Islam, particularly across Africa and parts of Asia. However, like any human movement, it has not been immune to excesses. Over the centuries, some groups or individuals have taken certain practices beyond moderation, leading to valid questions and critiques.
Some observers argue that certain Sufi groups have introduced bid‘ah (religious innovations) and engage in practices that require examination—such as excessive loyalty to their spiritual leader through bay‘ah (pledge of allegiance)—which itself can be viewed as a practice in need of review. Yet it is essential to acknowledge that forms of extremism have appeared, in one way or another, within nearly every movement. Recognizing this should lead us to adopt a wise and balanced approach: to evaluate any movement, religious or otherwise, through the authentic principles and guidelines of Islam. By doing so, we can benefit from each movement’s valuable contributions while discarding elements of deviation or extremism.
When guided by sound Islamic scholarship, Sufism can in fact represent an ideal model of spiritual balance. Knowledge provides the framework to remain within proper boundaries, while genuine spiritual focus nurtures sincerity, humility, and inner tranquility.
Throughout Islamic history, many renowned scholars have enriched both the intellectual and spiritual dimensions of Sufism. Among them are Imam al-Ghazali, Ibn ʿAṭāʾ Allāh al-Iskandari, al-Hasan al-Basri, Abu Ismaʿil al-Harawi, al-ʿIzz ibn ʿAbd al-Salam, Ibn al-Farid, Taqi al-Din al-Subki, Ibn al-Jazari, Ibn Hajar al-Haytami, Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti, ʿAbd al-Qadir al-Jilani, and, in more recent times, Shaykh ʿAbd al-Halim Mahmoud, the former Grand Imam of al-Azhar, and Shaykh Muhammad Metwali al-Sha‘rawi. Their writings and teachings continue to inspire Muslims in their pursuit of spiritual refinement and ethical living.
Most Sufis are known for their openness, tolerance, and peaceful character, making them generally easy to cooperate and coexist with. Nonetheless, it is important to avoid stereotyping any group. Prejudgment not only leads to unfair conclusions but also prevents us from benefiting from their genuine insights and contributions. A balanced approach—grounded in fairness, wisdom, and Islamic guidance—is therefore essential for achieving both justice and personal growth.
